![]() ![]() In plug flow, separating the liquid into two phases is possible on a chip because of the creation of a stable LL interface down the center of the micro-channel, which could be achieved by using a Y-split at the microchannels exit. It has been noted in previous studies that the speed of the slug is directly related to the overall speed of the fluid 36, 37, 38. The researchers have put forward various scaling laws to estimate the length of the slug in a two-phase liquid–liquid flow 32, 33, 34, 35. Slug hydrodynamics, such as slug length and speed, is of significant significance as they affect the performance of microfluidic devices 28, 29, 30, 31. Nonetheless, comprehensive phase split-up inside the micro-fluidic tool remains a challenge in slug flow regimes. Slug flow is favored for numerous systems due to the interior rotation inside the slugs of two phases and the diffusion among the contiguous slugs. The maximum usual LL flow patterns in two-phase micro-channels include slug flow, plug flow, and droplet flow. Several LL flow patterns were scrutinized in microfluidic tools based on factors such as micro-channel size and shape, physical characteristics of the liquids (for instance viscosity and surface tension), flow rate, the flow ratio of the liquids, and the wetting behavior of the micro-channel walls 25, 26, 27. By controlling the flow pattern, researchers can manipulate the behavior of fluids in microscale channels and develop devices that can perform precise chemical reactions, separations, and detections 22, 23, 24. Understanding microfluidic flow patterns is important for designing and optimizing microfluidic devices for specific applications. Flow maps show graphically of these main flows versus the flow rate of two phases. Three main flow, parallel, droplet and slug flow, occurs in microfluidic systems. Microfluidic flow patterns refer to the behavior of the fluid in microscale channels or devices. The effectiveness of a specific system in LL microchannels depends greatly on the flow schemes of the two non-miscible liquids 18, 19, 20, 21. Additionally, the ease of scale-up developed safety, and reduced inventory requirements, specifically for systems using risky and exclusive chemicals, make microfluidic devices appropriate for a broad range of applications. ![]() The higher interfacial zone-to-volume fraction in micro-scale binary schemes compared to macro-scale systems results in enhanced heat and mass transfer rates and increased process efficiency, which can be higher by an order of magnitude compared to conventional systems. The utilization of micro-spaces in devices can result in high heat and mass transfer rates 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. To overcome these limitations, miniaturization has been recognized as a promising method of process intensification, by reducing transport resistance and increasing transport rates 9, 10, 11. Those procedures are mostly hampered by transport limitations, such as small mass transfer rates 6, 7, 8. The use of two-phase liquid–liquid (LL) systems is prevalent in chemical treatment, for instance, polymerization, nitration, chlorination, and reactive and solvent extraction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Furthermore, the study will demonstrate the applicability of CFD simulation in investigating the behavior of fluids in microfluidic devices, which can be a cost-effective and efficient alternative to experimental studies. This information can be used to optimize the design of microfluidic devices for various applications. The results of this study will provide valuable insights into the behavior of two-phase flow patterns in serpentine microfluidic devices. Finally, the patterns of flow rate in the serpentine micro-channel were characterized and depicted. An increment in the aqua flows while maintaining a constant organic phase flow rate results in a transition from slug flow to either droplet flow or plug flow. However, as the overall flow rate raises, the slug flow transforms into parallel plug flow or droplet flow. ![]() The data indicate that once the aqua and organic phases flow rates are low and similar, a slug flow pattern is observed. The impact of the flow of chloroform and water on the flow model was also examined. The simulation was performed using a 3D model and the results were found to be consistent with experimental data. In the current research work, the flow behavior of a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) process in a serpentine microchannel was analyzed. ![]()
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